Nuclear Research in India
The Father of the Indian nuclear programme is Dr. Homi J Bhaba.
The atomic energy commission of India was formed in 1948. The first chairman of the Atomic Energy Commission of India was Dr. Homi J Bhaba.
In 1956 the first nuclear research reactor in India "Apsara" was made by Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC) situated at Trombay (Mumbai).
India's first heavy water plant was set up in 1962 in Nangal, Punjab.
Fast breeder reactor is located at Kalpakkam Tamil Nadu.
The reaction that occurs in a nuclear reactor is called controlled nuclear fission (or chain reaction).
The energy in the sun is produced by the nuclear fusion reaction of hydrogen into helium. Nuclear fusion reaction is also seen in hydrogen bombs.
Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant is located in Tamil Nadu. It is the highest-capacity nuclear plant in India, with a total capacity of 2,000MW.
Kalpakkam Atomic power station is also located in Tamil Nadu, it is also called Madras Atomic power station.
The Tarapur Nuclear Reactor in Maharashtra is the oldest nuclear facility in India, having commenced commercial operations in 1969. The nuclear power reactor in Tarapur is of boiling water type.
Narora Atomic power station is located in Uttar Pradesh.
Kaiga nuclear power station (NPCIL) is located in Karnataka, it is situated by the River Kali.
Rawatbhata Atomic power station (RAPS) is located in Rajasthan.
Kakrapar Atomic power station is located in Gujarat.
The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) has its headquarters in Vienna Austria.
India's first underground nuclear explosion at Pokhran was held on 18 May 1974. Pokhran-I was given the code name of "Smiling Buddha".
India's second nuclear test was done on May 11-13, 1998 again at the Pokhran test range. Codenamed as ‘Operation Shakti’, the tests were carried out under former Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee’s term.
The name of the atom bomb that America dropped on Hiroshima was "Little Boy".
Space Research in India
The "Sputnik 1" spacecraft was the first artificial satellite successfully placed in orbit around the Earth and was launched by the Soviet Union in October, 1957.
"Explorer 1" was the first satellite to be launched by the USA in January, 1958.
The Hubble space telescope is the first ever space telescope to be launched. It was launched in 1990 by the USA.
"Apollo 11" was the first satellite to be launched on the surface of the moon by commander Neil Armstrong in 1969 by the USA.
In 1984, Indian Air Force pilot Rakesh Sharma made history by becoming the first Indian to travel to space. Mr Sharma was part of the Soviet Union's Soyuz T-11 expedition.
"The Aryabhatta spacecraft", named after the famous Indian astronomer, was the first satellite made by India in 1975.
"Kalpana 1" was the first meteorological satellite to be launched by ISRO.
ISRO was established on August 15 1969. First chairman of ISRO was Vikram Sarabhai. Vikram Sarabhai is called the father of modern space science in India. The present chairman of ISRO is K. Sivan who took office in January 2018. The headquarters of ISRO is in Bengaluru. ISRO works under the Department of Space, GOI.
"Chandrayaan-1", India's first mission to the Moon, was launched successfully on October 22, 2008 from Satish Dhawan Space Research Centre, Sriharikota. "Chandrayaan-1" was the first Indian lunar probe. It was operational for 312 days till August 28, 2009. Mylswami Annadurai who was the project director of chandrayaan 1 mission.
"Chandrayaan 2" was launched on 22 July 2019 from Satish Dhawan Space Research Centre. Chandrayaan 2 project director was M Vanitha and Ritu Karidhal was the Mission Director. "GSLV Mark III" was chosen as the launch vehicle to launch chandrayaan 2 spacecraft. GSLV Mk III is the heaviest rocket made by ISRO. Satish Dhawan Space Centre is a rocket launch centre operated by ISRO located in Sriharikota in Andhra Pradesh.
Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV) is a space launch vehicle designed, developed, and operated by the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) to launch satellites and other space objects into Geosynchronous Transfer Orbits.
The full form of PSLV is a polar satellite launch vehicle. PSLV earned its title 'the Workhorse of ISRO' through consistently delivering various satellites to Low Earth Orbits, particularly the IRS series of satellites. "IRA 1A'' is India's first remote sensing satellite (1988).
The full form of ASLV is Augmented Satellite Launch Vehicle. India's first experimental satellite launch vehicle is SLV-3 (satellite launch vehicle).
The GSAT (Geostationary Satellite) satellites are India's indigenously developed communications satellites, used for digital audio, data and video broadcasting.
Vikram sarabhai Space research centre is located in Thiruvananthapuram Kerala.
Thumba equatorial rocket launching station is located in Thiruvananthapuram Kerala. The geomagnetic equator of the earth passes over Thumba.
The Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) is an agency of the Government of India, charged with the military’s research and development, headquartered in New Delhi, India.
The Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (IRNSS) is officially called NAVIC which is an acronym for NAVigation with Indian Constellation. The regional geo-positioning system has been designed in India by ISRO to provide accurate positioning. Realme is the first brand to implement the NAVIC system in its smartphones.
The Mars Orbiter Mission, also called "Mangalyaan", is a space probe orbiting Mars which was launched on 5 November 2013 by the ISRO.
On 27 March 2019, India tested an anti-satellite weapon during an operation code named Mission Shakti. The target of the test was a satellite present in a low Earth orbit, which was hit with a kinetic kill vehicle.
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