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Notes on Environment Environment can be defined as a sum total of all the living and non-living elements and their effects that influence human life. Environment includes all living or biotic elements such as animals, plants, forests, fisheries, and birds and all non-living or abiotic elements such as water, land, sunlight, rocks, and air. Environmental Acts in India Wildlife Protection Act (1972) - The Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972 is an Act of the Parliament of India enacted for protection of plants and animal species. Before 1972, India had only five designated national parks. The government has also started some conservation projects under it for individual endangered species like project Hungal (1970), Project Tiger (1973), Project Crocodiles (1974), Brow-antlered Deer (1981) and Elephant (1992,) Ganges Dolphin (1997), Project Olive Ridley, etc. The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act (1974) - It was enacted in 1974 to provide for the prevention and control of wat...

Major Tribal Movements in British India Cause of Tribal Movements in India: British colonialism faced revolt not only by the civilian population but also by the tribes of various regions throughout colonial India. Exploitative land revenue policies and expansion of agriculture and plantation activities on forested land by outsider non-tribal populations in areas inhabited by the tribal population. Works of numerous Christian missionaries were looked at with suspicion and as interference in social-economic customs of tribal population. The uprisings by the tribal groups were usually reactions against outsiders (dikus), zamindars and rulers, the support provided to the latter by the British administration. Major Tribal Uprisings: The Chuar Uprising (1771-1779): The term Chuar was used for local tribals in Bengal and it was a derogatory word {meaning pig}. Leader of this revolt was Durjan Singh, a displaced Zamindar who along with his 1500 followers created havoc. He established his rule...

Post Independence States Reorganization in India: When India got independence, it had nearly 565 princely states. Apart from problems like abject poverty, extreme hunger, sub-level economy and huge problems of rehabilitation of refugees, consolidation and reorganisation of princely states was a major challenge. Thanks to the leadership quality of Sardar Patel, India stands united today. Post-independence Consolidation and Reorganization of the States: When the British decided to quit India, the Indian National Congress (INC) and the Muslim League did not come to any conclusion and were unable to make a united front for independence. For creating a consensus, Britain sent the Cabinet Mission to India. Muslim League did not agree on the proposals of Cabinet Mission, and Jinnah proclaimed “Direct Action Day” on 16th August 1946. Violence erupted on both sides of the borders. To stop the violence and to avoid a civil war situation, Congress accepted the partition plan. On 14th August 1947,...

Education in British India Individual efforts under company rule: a) Calcutta Madrasah was established by Warren Hastings in 1781 to study Muslim laws and customs. b) Jonathan Duncan established Sanskrit college at Banaras in 1791 for Hindu laws and philosophy. c) Fort William College was set up in 1800 by Wellesley for the training of civil servants of the Company. (It was closed in 1802). The Charter Act (1813): 1 lakh rupees were to be spent by the company for the promotion of education in India. Lord Macaulay’s Minute of (1835) : Amidst Orientalist-Anglicist controversy, Macaulay supported the latter view. The English language was chosen as the sole medium of education. Government decided to spend the limited resources for teaching western sciences and literature. They adopted ‘downward filtration theory’ instead of mass education. Note: ‘Downward filtration theory ’ means teaching a few upper- and middle-class people would produce interpreters which would eventually penetrate to t...

Jan 4: World Braille Day. Braille is a form of written language for blind people, in which characters are represented by patterns of raised dots that are felt with the fingertips. Jan 9: Pravasi Bharatiya Divas (NRI Day) - marks the return of Gandhiji from South Africa to India in 1915. Jan 10: World Hindi Day. The day marks the anniversary of the first World Hindi Conference which was inaugurated on January 10, 1975, by the then prime minister Indira Gandhi. Bharatendu Harishchandra is the father of Hindi. Jan 12: National Youth Day - Birthday of Swami Vivekananda. Jan 15: Army Day - Field Marshal K.M. Cariappa took over the command of the Army on this day in 1949 from the British. Jan 23: Parakram Divas - Birthday of Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose. Jan 24: National Girl Child day of India. Jan 25: National Voters' Day (With effect from 2011). Jan 26: Republic Day of India. January 26 was chosen as the date for Republic day because it was on this day in 1929 when the Declaration of I...

Schemes of Government of India on Education: Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (2001): It is Government of India's flagship programme for achievement of Universalization of Elementary Education (UEE) in a time bound manner, as mandated by 86th amendment to the Constitution of India making free and compulsory Education to the Children of 6-14 years age group, a Fundamental Right. It was launched in 2001 by the then Prime Minister of India Atal Bihari Vajpayee. Right to Education Act (2009): The Right to Education Act 2009, also known as the RTE Act 2009, was enacted by the Parliament of India on 4 August 2009. It describes modalities of the importance of free and compulsory education for children aged between 6-14 years in India under Article 21 (A) of the Constitution of India. Beti Bachao, Beti Padhao (2015): It is a campaign of the Government of India that aims to generate awareness and improve the efficiency of welfare services intended for girls in India. The scheme was launched in 2015 wi...

Diseases and its Affected Area Arthritis - Joints, Asthma - Bronchial Muscles, Cataract - Eyes, Diabetes - Pancreas, Diphtheria - Throat, Eczema - Skin, Glaucoma - Eyes, Jaundice - Liver, Leukemia - Blood, Malaria - Spleen, Meningitis - Brain and Spinal Cord, Otitis - Ears, Pneumonia - Lungs, Polio - Legs, Pyorrhoea - Teeth and Gums, Rheumatism - Joints, Sinusitis - Inflammation of sinus linings, Trachoma - Eyes, Tuberculosis - Lungs, Typhoid - Intestines Diseases and Pathogens Bacteria - Diphtheria, Gonorrhoea, Meningitis, Cholera, Leprosy, Typhoid, Tetanus, Tuberculosis, Plague, Whooping Cough, Pneumonia Virus - Chicken Pox, Smallpox, Measle, Mumps, AIDS, Yellow fever, Influenza, Dengue fever, Rabies, Polio Protozoa - Malaria, Giardia, Sleeping sickness, Kala-azar, Leishmaniasis, Amoebic dysentery Fungus - Candidiasis, Athlete foot, Ringworms, Aspergillosis, Jock Itch Helminths - Filaria, Tapeworm, Hookworm transmission Interesting Facts related to Human Body...